This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of different plant density and sowing dates on white sugar YIELD and its componests (Ic variety) at experimental field of Islamic Azad University of Karaj in two years (1999-2000). A split plot layout within a randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Main plots were planting dates (March, 25th-may, 5th-june, 15th), sub plots were plant densities (6,8 and 10 plant m-2). The results showed that reduction in the length of growing season due to delay in planting, reduced the plant ability to spread close its canopy on time, and to use the environmental potential well before the maximum vegetative growth was reached. In addition, autumn low temperatures decreased the rate of SUGARBEET growth and consequently smaller roots were produced. Root YIELD and it componets, at various sowing time and plant density showed that delay in planting significatly decreased root YIELD, and white sugar YIELD but increased sugar percent. The most sugar percent and white sugar YIELD obtained from sowing in june, 15th and May, 5th consequently. Eight plants m-2density produced maximum white sugar YIELD. Moreover first planting date (March, 25th) produced maximum root YIELD. So, on the basis of the reuslts obtained, 8 plant m-2 and Sowing in May, 5th might be suitable for maximum SUGARBEET production. Results showed if the amout of growth degree days and the extent of difference between night and day temperature were higher than 15°C, white sugar YIELD might be increased.

A field study was conducted in 2004 to determine the effects of different concentrations of adjuvant (CITOGATE) on the efficiency of desmedipham+ chloridazon. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of treatments, and four replication. Factors included three herbicide doses (60, 80 and 100% of recommended dose) and four adjuvant concentrations (0, 15, 25, 35, ml/100L). Different traits including YIELD, YIELD component, biomass, weed biomass, sugar beet root length, leaf dry weight and sugar concentration were studied. The Highest grain YIELD, biomass, root length, and leaf dry weight were related to the complete dose of herbicide plus 35ml/100L adjuvant. The highest root diameter was achieved where sugar beet was treated with 80 and 100% of the chloridazon recommended dose plus 25ml/100l adjuvant.

For optimization autumn SUGARBEET irrigation water, an experiment was conducted at Safi-Abad Agricultural Research center in the years 2010 and 2011 with silty clay loam soil.The experiment was arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Tape irrigation levels (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of water requirement with T25, T50, T75, T100 and T125 respectively) and furrow irrigation was conducted. Production, cost and water function and thresholds indexes basis of irrigation depth was compared and computed. Although full rrigation in field experiment (T100 treatment) and maximizing level of applied water index (Wm) had maximum YIELD, T100 treatment had not significant difference with T75 and T50 treatments. On the other hand irrigation water application depth in water limited condition (Ww) was almost equal to minimum rate of water application, T25 treatment. Although Ww index had not maximum net benefit per unit of irrigation water, caused to decrease 43 percent consumed water and 21 percent of root YIELD and caused to increase sugare content and decrease irrigation costs. The results showed that in a view economic deficit irrigation in North of Khouzestan climatic conditions was applicable.

Due to its favorable weather conditions, west Azarbayejan province is the second-largest producer of sugar beet in Iran. Weeds, especially field dodder, is one of the most important components that has negative effects on the quality and quantity of SUGARBEET. In order to evaluate the effect of field dodder on the photosynthetic pigments and YIELD (quality and quantity) of sugar beet, a study using paired t-test was carried out on four farms in Urmieh-West Azarbayejan, during 2014. Studied farms had similar date of planting (first ten days of April), uniform density (8 plants per square meter) and same cultivar (Ecbatan). In this research, 30 healthy plants and 30 plants infected with field dodder were selected from each farm. Physiological and tecnicall characteristics were evaluated at the established plant stage (8-12 leaves) and at the harvest stage of sugerbeet Results showed that dodder affected efficiency of photosynthesis on SUGARBEET leaves, such that it reduced chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll by 30, 18, and 38% respectively, but the amount of carotene was not affected. It also reduced YIELD by 25%, root sugar content by 108%, impure sugar by 18. 5% and foliage dry weight by 18%. Dodder also increased root nitrogen content by 37. 3%, but had no effect on potassium content.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest YIELD (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain YIELD and YIELD components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain YIELD (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain YIELD per hectare had the highest correlation with plant YIELD (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

To find the best treatment of cow manure mixing using the best tillage methods and improving SUGARBEET YIELD and soil bulk density and chemical properties, a randomized complete block design the form of a strip plot was replicated three times. Three rates of manure (0, 20, and 40 t/ha) and five tillage methods were used. The analysis of two years of combined data showed that cyclotiller with the mean of 61093 kg/ha and sweep had the highest YIELD and effect on soil bulk density. Soil chemical properties like soil organic carbon, soil phosphorus, and soil potassium were also measured for data analysis. The results of two-years analyses of data also showed that the cow manure treatments caused more YIELD of SUGARBEET and improved soil physical properties like reducing soil bulk density and soil compaction. Also, using secondary soil tillage machines of cyclotiller and sweep can improve the mixing of manure with soil and soil physical properties and YIELD of SUGARBEET and sugar percentage. In other words, using a cyclotiller and sweep raised the YIELD and sugar percentage of SUGARBEET and reduced soil compaction.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate technological properties of two sugar beet cultivars (HI1059 and Palma) under conditions of bolted and non-bolted plants. The experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications and was carried out at Safiabad Research Center, Dezful, Iran, in 2011-2012 growing seasons. At harvest, bolted and non-bolted plants of each plot were separated. Sugar content, concentration of impurities (potassium, sodium and amino-nitrogen), molasses sugar, root YIELD, sugar YIELD, cutting resistance of root and vascular tissue to parenchyma tissue ratio traits were measured using standard methods. In general, mean bolting (%) in HI1059 and Palma cultivars were 33% and 51%, respectively. Analysis of variance showed that the experimental treatments effect for YIELD and quality traits of sugar beet was not significant. Results of group comparison between bolted and non-bolted plants in both varieties showed that sugar content reduced from 16.1 to 15.6% on HI1059 variety and from 16.4 to 15.9% in Palma cultivar, respectively, due to bolting. Despite the slight decrease in root YIELD (5%), and sugar YIELD (7%) in bolted plants, these reductions were not significant. Similarly, despite a slight increase in concentration of impurities, molasses sugar, energy for cutting root and vascular tissue to parenchyma tissue ratio in bolted plants, differences were not-significant. Although bolting appeared about one month before harvesting in the two sugar beet cultivars, but it had no significant effect on YIELD and quality of sugar beet. However, bolting causes some disturbs sugar beet harvesting and creates physical and chemical problems in the process of sugar extraction in the factory. Further research of variety trails over growing seasons may provide more knowledge regarding the effect of bolting on YIELD and technical quality of sugar beet.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and YIELD gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential YIELD were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The YIELD gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total YIELD gap. The YIELD gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total YIELD variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the YIELD gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual YIELD mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha YIELD gap . Mean relative YIELD and relative YIELD gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of YIELD gap and determining the portion of each restricting YIELD variables.

A leaf spot and blight of SUGARBEET (Beta vulgaris L.) of unknown etiology was observed in several SUGARBEET production areas of Isfahan since 1993. Circular to irregular necrotic spots or blotches, less than one to several centimeters in diameter appear on leaves. The lesions progress inwards, expand and coalesce, giving the leaves a blighted appearance.A Gram-negative, aerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacterium was consitently isolated from symptomatic leaves. Colonies on sucrose nutrient agar were nonmucoid, yellow, convex and smooth with entire margins. The strains were oxidase negative, nonfluorescent, and hydrolyzed casein, gelatin, esculin, starch and Tween-80. They were negative in tests for production of arginine dihydrolase, urease and lecithinase, reduction of nitrate and production of in,doleand acetoin. Some strains produced H2S from cysteine. Growth of the bacterium was inhibitedby 0.1% triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, 2.5% NaCI and 30% glucose. Fructose, glucose, cellobiose, trehalose, sucrose, maltose, melibiose, xylose, glycerol, starch, dextrin, amygdalin, arbutin, lactate, malate, D- and Lalanine and L- proline were among the carbon sources used for growth. No strain utilized adonitol, dulcitol, inositol, rhamnose or tartrates. Strains produced a xanthomonadin pigment.Pathogenicity of strains was confirmed through wound inoculation of young SUGARBEET plants.Based on the biochemical, physiological and nutritional charactristics, the strains isolated from, and proved pathogenic on SUGARBEET plants, were identified as Xanthomonas sp. The phenotypic features, electrophoretic profile of cell proteins and the type of symptoms produced by Xanthomonas sp. reported herein, are considerably different from those of Xanthomonas sp. betae (X campestris pv. betae) recorded in Brazil. Therefore, the blight of SUGARBEET occurring in Iran, appe.1rs to be a previously unreported disease and the incita"nt bacterium a new species or pathovar of Xanthomonas.